Representation of diplomatic and embassy relations in the works "Habib us-siyar" and "Matla us-sa'dayn"

Abstract

This article contains information about the foreign policy, activities, and diplomatic relations of the state during the reign of Shahrukh Mirza (1377-1447), the strong ruler of the Timurid Empire after Amir Temur the Great. Shahrukh Mirza had very good diplomatic relations with Asia Minor, the Middle East, Egypt, Arabia, and Persia, and closely followed all the events in this land, and in these processes, he intervened in the interests of the state. During his time, the country has seen growth in trade, economic, cultural, religious, and military spheres. Shahrukh Mirza's foreign policy and embassy relations to take control of the region are covered. In particular, it is known from the sources that a group of ambassadors led by Shahrukh Mirza, led by Ardasher, Ghiyosiddin Naqqash, Muhammad Khushi, and Sultan Ahmad, sent letters and gifts to the Chinese ruler by Shahrukh Mirza. One of the features of the embassy was that the rulers sent each other gifts that represented a special symbolic meaning. For example, while Shah Rukh Mirza sent racehorses to the Chinese ruler, which are rare for the Chinese, the Chinese king sent hunting falcons, hawks, eagles, and similar rare birds.

Another country with which diplomatic relations were well established during this period was Egypt. It is known in the sources that the Egyptian ruler Chakmakbek had a strong faith in Shah Rukh Mirza. The Egyptian ambassador, Chechaktuqo, arrived in Herat and handed over a letter from Chakmakbek addressed to Shahrukh Mirza. The Egyptian ambassador, Chechaktuqo, arrived in Herat and handed over a letter from Chakmakbek addressed to Shahrukh Mirza. Shahrukh Mirza organized weddings in honor of the ambassadors. Through the ambassadors, the ruler of Egypt requested the following books from the Mirza Library: Sheikh Abu Mansur Moturidi, “Tafsir Kabir” by Allama Razi, Commentary on the work of Khoja Mas'ud Bukhari, Mawlana Alouddin's “Commentary on Kashshof”, and the ravzas in the sect of the Shafi'is.

Since this set of books was available in the library of Shahrukh,  Shahrukh Mirza ordered that all five books be written in a beautiful letter, drawn on a table, and handed over to Chichaktuko. When Chichaktuko asked permission to return, he gave him another feast in his name, and royal congratulations and khusrawan gifts were bestowed on Sultan Chakmak.