SHARQ MASH'ALI

AFGHANISTAN POETRY OF RESISTANCE AND PARTAW NADIRI'S WORK

Afzuna Nazarova — 2024-12-04

This article talks about the origins of resistance poetry in Afghanistan, the stages of its development, the poets belonging to this literature, and examples of their work. Historical, sociological and hermeneutic methods were used to illuminate the topic. Resistance literature, especially poetry, is widely used not only in Dari-Persian literature but also in world literature. This poetry is used in world literature as a result of people's struggle against a repressive system and occupation, as well as the war for freedom. This reality became evident in Afghan literature after the invasion of the country by the Soviet Union, as well as during the reign of the Mujahideen and Taliban. Due to many years of unrest, political, socio-cultural crisis, the country's population was scattered in different parts of the world. Especially the intelligentsia was forced to emigrate to different countries for free creativity and a peaceful life. From this perspective, we observe the development of Afghan resistance literature in two different aspects: inside the country and outside it. Whether within the country or outside, poets like Khalilullah Khalili, Abdurrahman Paivok, Wasif Bokhtari, Partav Nadiri, Khalida Furug, Kozim Kozimi can be listed among the writers who contributed greatly to the creation of Afghan resistance literature. These poets used the pen as an arrow and spoke out against war, unrest and oppression. They created poetry and prose in the name of peace, freedom, justice and enlightenment in the country. Poems belonging to the literature of resistance are distinguished by their significance both in content and in form. Based on the analysis of such poems, the article to some extent reveals the image of the literature of the Afghan resistance.

METHODS OF PRE-ELECTION IMAGE MAKING IN POLITICAL LEADER ACTIVITY

Muhammadxon Ahmadxojayev — 2024-12-05

In this article, the strategy of development and its gradual philosophical basis and the activity units of the political leader in order to achieve the stability of the society through this will be revealed. the purposes of dogmas such as support and protection of members of society from social crises in the capitalist process are revealed. In order to reduce the distance between the state, authorities and citizens, to harmonize the interests of the state and the people, and to ensure their commonality, it is recommended to create a national legislative framework aimed at ensuring the liberalization of the activities of political management and political PR technologies, an attribute of a democratic society in the country's media space. Public organizations, various social movements such as voluntarism (volunteering), especially religion although cannot directly influence the political system, have a political nature of their activities. For example, in the absence of secular politics, religion is politicized, the state and religion interfere in each other's Affairs, opening the way to a social dilemma. Political PR technologies end all this, serve as a reliable factor determining the sustainability and effectiveness of the state, from the strategic path chosen by the people. Therefore, the more emotional the phrase” Who Owns information, owns the world, " the more rational.

SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCEPT OF "NATIONAL COLORITISM" IN SCHOOLS OF TRANSLATION STUDIES

Mohira Umarova — 2024-12-05

There are topics in global translation studies that, the more they are researched and studied, the more new information and unresolved questions are still being discovered.

No matter how much research is conducted on the topic presented in this article, new aspects will emerge. This is a nationality issue. Despite the fact that it is studied by representatives of schools of translation studies and linguistics around the world, it is still considered one of the current topics. The article talks about the issues of approaching the topic of nationality in various translation schools, about the use of certain terms by Western and Eastern linguists and translators to denote nationality in translated works, about what topics and concepts should be understood by nationality in a work. In particular, it will explore how Pakistani linguists and translators study nationality, what aspects should be given importance from their point of view, and how these aspects are considered in the studies of Uzbek scientists. Moreover, the definitions and views given by representatives of each country and school to the units representing the nationality are given with definitions taken from their scientific research.

At the same time, this work, based on the opinions of scientists, substantiates the fact that “realities” serve as the main element that creates nationality in a work, and with the help of what methods it is most appropriate to translate these words.

In addition, the work reflects the opinion of the representative of Western translation studies P. Newmark regarding the study of nationality and the classification he presented is given in the form of a table.

UNPRINTED POEMS BY THE POET MUSHKIN

Maryam Eshmuhammedova — 2024-12-04

Many written sources have been studied in the history of classical literature. At the same time, there is a cultural heritage that has not yet been studied, the name of which is unknown to the scientific community and the readership. They are not only medieval artists, but there are also people who lived in a history close to our day. Yesterday is also a history for us. Even in the recent past, literacy was achieved in the Turkic script based on the Arabic script or in the spelling after the Jadid reform. Therefore, today's source scholar and textual scholar faces the task of finding and presenting to the scientific community not only medieval sources, but also sources related to our recent history.

The creator who is mentioned in this article is also a poet who lived very recently. Only part of his written legacy is in our possession. From these poems, it can be known that this author was a well-talented, literate, and intellectual individual with a broad outlook. At that time, perhaps due to circumstances or other reasons, he worked in a newsstand. The thematic scope of his poems varies. In short, it is a bouquet of poems that provide information about the cultural environment of its time.

PLACE NAMES ASSOCIATED WITH TURKIC ETHNONYMS IN THE TOPONYMIC LAYER OF 19TH CENTURY CENTRAL ASIAN KHANATES

Bexzodjon Zokirov — 2024-12-05

This article classifies and analyzes the ethnotoponyms associated with the names of the Turkic peoples living in the region, in the "travel books" created on the basis of travel memories of Russian and foreign tourists and official representatives of states who visited Central Asia in the 19th century. As you know, ethnotoponyms are toponyms related to the "ethnos", which represent the composition of the population of a certain area and the socio-economic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values.

A comparative analysis of ethnotoponyms on the basis of certain sources shows the ethnic composition of the population of the corresponding area, demographic processes and factors influencing them. At the moment, the consideration of such toponyms from the standpoint of source studies and historiography, the study of toponyms is one of the topical issues of historical toponymy. From this point of view, the study of toponymy associated with Turkic ethnonyms in the khanates based on travel stories of Russian and foreign tourists who visited the Central Asian khanates, which is planned to be revealed in this article, serves to fill in some gaps that are not recorded in local sources.

The main purpose of the study is to recognize the original meaning of toponyms related to the Turkic ethnonym in the travelogues of this period when studying the ethnic composition of the population of the Bukhara Emirate, the Khiva and Kokan khanates, to determine their territorial affiliation and their place in socio-economic life.

The article uses such research methods as systematic analysis, periodization, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification of toponyms, genetic analysis used in historical research.

As a result of the study, the role of travelogues as a common source and the theoretical and practical aspects of Turkic ethnotoponyms in the study of the ethnic history of the Uzbek khanates were analyzed.

TO THE PROBLEM OF THE STATUS OF SPEECH AS A SPECIAL PART OF SPEECH IN MODERN PASHTO

Hozifaxon Islomjonova — 2024-12-05

The question of the status of the adverb in pashto has been considered in a number of works. One of the first E. Trump (1873), as well as: N.A. Dvoryankov, T.I.Eremicheva, K.A.Lebedev, L.S.Yatsevich (1950), N.A.Dvoryankov (1960), K.A.Lebedev (1970), Z.M.Kalinina (1972), A.L. Grunberg (1987), V.V. Ostapenko (2001), A. Cox (2001), S. Rishtin (2003), A.D. Boyle (2010), R. Inomkhodzhaev (2020). Although all researchers recognize the existence of this part of speech, they do not find unity in understanding its nature as a special grammatical class of words, which they mainly distinguish on the basis of semantics and the function performed in the sentence. At the same time, little has been developed in terms of formal features.

Thus, in particular, it is noted that in terms of formal features there is no clear boundary between adverbs and nominal parts of speech. In addition, there is often a confusion of adverbs and circumstances of manner of action, time, place, etc. In other words, discrepancies in interpretations of the status of adverbs are associated, on the one hand, with differences in the interpretation of their categorical semantics, and on the other, with the lack of a systematic analysis of formal features.

This article is devoted to the history of the study of Pashto adverbs and the analysis of approaches to solving questions about their part-verbal affiliation.

THE IDEOLOGY OF THE ANSARU ALLAH MOVEMENT

Aziz Xudoyberdiyev — 2024-12-05

The article examines the ideological origins of the conflict situation in Yemen, in particular, the stages of formation of the Huthi ideology, the influence of the Iranian revolution on this ideology, and the opposition of the Huthis to the spread of Salafism in Yemen by Saudi Arabia.

Analysis of the main source of the ideology of the Huthis - 2129 pages "Malazim As-Sayyid Husayn al-Husi", consisting of the lectures of Husayn al-Husi was conducted. The article reveals the features of the Houthi ideology, its certain transformation after the Houthis seized power in North Yemen in order to gain international recognition, and to show that their movement is not hostile towards other religions and cultures, and in particular towards Christianity.

THE ISSUE OF DIACRITICAL MARKS AND PRONUNCIATION OF TURKIC WORDS IN THE TEXT OF "DEVONU LUG'ATI-T-TURK"

Qosimjon Sodiqov — 2024-12-04

In the text of the manuscript «Divan lugat at-Turk» by Mahmud Kashgari, in accordance with the rules of Turkic spelling, some letters are accompanied by double diacretic signs: fatḥa and kesra or ḍamma and kesra. In addition, some words are displayed with different letters. These facts recorded in the dictionary are not accidental. And they are connected with the fact that the compiler, along with written literary forms of words, used different phonetic variants of these forms, as well as their dialect correspondences.

This article reveals the reasons for these facts, issues of their phonetic interpretation and transformation.

THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF STUDYING THE CONCEPT OF "LOVE"

Saodat Ahmedova — 2024-12-05

The concept of love is a multifaceted and polysemous concept that has been studied in various disciplines, including philosophy, psychology, linguistics, sociology and neuroscience. In a philosophical context, love is analyzed from the point of view of its emotional, ethical, existential, anthropological and metaphysical aspects. The emotional aspect of love encompasses feelings of affection, passion and tenderness, while the ethical aspect views love as a virtue and the basis of moral behavior. The existential aspect emphasizes the role of love in the search for meaning in life and self-realization, and the anthropological aspect explores its significance for the development of personality and human nature. In the context of globalization, the concept of love is also influenced by global processes, transforming family structures and intimate relationships in different cultures. Thus, the concept of love is a central and polysemantic element of human experience, enriching our understanding of emotions, relationships and cultural norms. The article demonstrates that love, despite its universal nature, acquires unique features and meanings depending on the cultural context in which it manifests itself. The article demonstrates that love, despite its universal nature, acquires unique features and meanings depending on the cultural context in which it manifests itself. The article examines various aspects of love and its manifestations in the context of various cultural traditions. The author analyzes how cultural norms, values, and historical conditions influence the perception and expression of love in different societies.

PAVLAI AND ANNA KARENINA: CONJUNCT FACTS

Maktuba Murtazaxodjayeva — 2024-12-04

Every nation has its own rare works. They do not lose their value over time. Such pieces of arts do not choose time and space, they are translated from one language to another and they are appreciated by their fans. Lev Tolstoy, the representative of Russian literature, won the hearts of literature lovers with his appreciable works. Artists inspired by his works are able to write new works. Lev Tolstoy also influenced Indian folk literature, and many realist writers translated his works and were inspired by his works. Some Indian artists considered Tolstoy as their mentor. This article provides a comparative analysis of Russian writer Leo Tolstoy's novel “Anna Karenina” and Tamil writer Chinnappa Bharati's novel “Pavlayi”, based on their views on the expression of human relationships and the complexities of life. It is noteworthy that in both novels both writers revealed the family life of the heroes Anna and Alexei Karenin, Pavlауi and Periyananna, leading completely different lifestyles, living in different regions and under different regimes, their common problems, their destinies, their attitude to life and the people around them based on real events. The article compares the characters of two works of different nationalities and eras, the events of the novel, the psychological state of the characters and their attitude to life, society and family life, and also makes an attempt to identify similarities and differences.

After all, although gender is a new concept in literature, the example of these two novels shows that the problem of women has existed since time immemorial. It is clear that Lev Tolstoy and Chinnappa Bharati approached this issue in their novels with deep thought and observation.

ENSURING INTERFAITH HARMONY IN THE DIGITAL AGE: TOLERANCE ISSUES IN THE MEDIA CONTENT OF THE ISLAM.UZ WEBSITE

Shahzoda Abduraimova — 2024-12-05

Strengthening interethnic and interreligious tolerance in our country, ensuring religious tolerance in society is a priority task. The reason is that the idea of tolerance means that people of different religious beliefs live together as partners and in harmony on the path of one land, one homeland, noble ideas and intentions. The fact that representatives of more than 130 nationalities and peoples have lived peacefully in Uzbekistan for several centuries is vivid proof that the reforms carried out every year in this area are not in vain.

It is known that the role of technology and the internet in our lives has increased significantly. It occupies a special place not only in society, public and everyday life, but also in our professional and academic life.

This article talks about the role and tasks of websites, especially official pages operating on the “Uz” domain, in maintaining religious tolerance. In addition, articles on websites are also analyzed for interfaith harmony. . Islam.uz" platform was chosen for the main analysis, with a great emphasis on the lack of tolerance in the media content on the site.

All religions of the world are based on the idea of virtue, which is based on several virtues such as honesty, peacefulness, kindness and friendship. Each calls people to honesty and purity, kindness, humanity and tolerance. Since ancient times, our country has been home to nations and peoples of different faiths. The fact that children of more than 130 nationalities live in a free land, in an atmosphere of peace and tranquility, is a vivid proof that our country is a country of tolerance. Every direction, especially the media, religious studies is responsible for its maintenance. It is from this point of view that the topic of the article shows its relevance.

LEXICAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL SLOGONS FORMED BY CHINESE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Bobur G‘iyosov — 2024-12-05

Recognizing the objective necessity of a multifaceted study of the text, it is possible to single out the main aspects related to the description of the text as a complete literary work, a dynamic communicative unit of the highest level. Understanding the text as a "text in motion" puts its functional aspect first, and the orientation of the text to the communicative process, in addition, attention is paid to the pragmatics of the text.

Functional analysis means that the individual components of the text are considered in terms of their role in organizing the whole text. Consequently, functional analysis helps to reveal the real content qualities of the text. Linguistic signs in the text concretize their content, connect with other language signs and enter into special relations with them that are characteristic of this text; one of the possible meanings of the word is updated, for example, the word completely changes its meaning under the influence of the context (undefined contextual synonyms appear in the dictionary order).

Functional analysis allows to go beyond the actual linguistic features of the text and move to the analysis of conceptual categories such as "space" and "time" (see: artistic space, artistic time). Functional analysis reveals the importance of these categories in the text.

2. Functional analysis helps to reveal the relationship between the meaning of language units and their meaning in the text. The distinction between the concepts of meaning is very important in the analysis of a text, because it leads to the characteristics of its content. This is revealed even at the level of one word. Meaning objectively reflects the system of communication and relations in the word, which is a stable system, the same for all people.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE REALISTIC METHOD OF STORYTELLING IN SAUDI SHORT STORIES

Nargiza Saidova — 2024-12-04

This article examines the work of such famous Saudi novelists as: Mansour al-Hazimi, Mohammed Ulwan, Hussein Ali Hussein. By analyzing the works of these writers, traditions are shown, as well as new trends that have developed at the present stage.

THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RELIGIOUS FACTOR IN THE SOCIO-POLITICAL LIFE OF MALAYSIA IN THE XX-XXI CENTURIES

Dilafruz Turdiyeva — 2024-12-05

The article examines the role and significance of the religious factor in the socio-political life of Malaysia in the XX-XXI centuries. The religious factor and its influence on modern society are assessed, based on evolutionary development, ancient religious teachings and their role in the society of Southeast Asia, in particular in the society of Malaysia in the twentieth century, are determined. The concept of “Islam Hadhari” and its meaning is explained, state-religious relations in Malaysia are analyzed.

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF DIPLOMATIC LEXICON OF MODERN PERSIAN LANGUAGE

Dinara Azimdjanova — 2024-12-05

The article analyzes the diplomatic lexicon of the Persian language from the point of view of semantics and structure. Based on the fact that diplomatic lexicon serves different spheres of diplomatic activity, which is a complex system, the lexicon related to different aspects of diplomatic activity is characterized by semantic diversity. The lexicon is analyzed from the point of view of structure in order to identify its structural features that allow us to draw conclusions about the ways of formation of this stratum of the lexicon.

ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES DEDICATED TO STUDYING THE TIMURID PERIOD OF THE RENAISSANCE

Sanjar Axmedov — 2024-12-05

In the history of our country, our ancestors who created the Second Renaissance era are considered to be the Timurids. We embark on the study of the new era, starting from the period of awakening, with the goal of conducting a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the era of awakening that existed in the past. Additionally, ongoing research examines the activities of this period and its rulers in the civilizational and educational direction, where they achieved the highest results in various fields during this era in the history of our national sovereignty.

Historically, it is known that Amir Temur and the Timurids established a vast empire. Did they only engage in conquering and suppressing activities in the states under their control, or did they contribute to the cultural development and enrichment, participating in the Renaissance of civilization? These questions are the tasks that stand before historians.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS (BASED ON SAYYID SHARIF JURJANI'S WORK "NAHVI MIR")

Buzahro Begmatova — 2024-12-04

At present, our country pays great attention to learning and teaching foreign languages. Because, our country is striving to gain a worthy place in the world community, maintaining relations with many countries in the economic, political, cultural, diplomatic, scientific and educational spheres. This in turn indicates that one of the most important tasks is the deep learning of foreign languages, including Arabic and its incomparable beauty, history and grammar. It is also important to learn grammatical rules and terms from the original sources rather than translated sources for better understanding.

As it is known, there are six cases in our mother tongue and all these are included in three of cases of Arabic language. They are nominative, genitive and accusative cases. Nominative case is used in six kind of situations while, genitive and accusative cases are used in two and eleven kind of situations respectively.

It is well known that in Arabic linguistics words are divided into mabniy (i.e. immutable) and mu'rab (i.e. mutable). Whether it is a noun or a verb, it varies in a sentence according to its function. It is clear from this that factors and their types are important topics in Arabic grammar, and many well-known linguists have tried to shed light on them. One such linguist was Sayyid Sharif Jurjani, who in his Nahvi Mir provided important information about the types of factors and their scope, and analyzed them scientifically through examples.

In this small study, we have focused on the theories of the famous Nahvist scholar Sayyid Sharif Jurjani on the factors of I'rabs, and have tried to make a comparative analysis of their views and thus to analyze how the subject is covered in Arabic.

THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST BEFORE THE CONFLICT BETWEEN AMIR TEMUR AND YILDIRIM BAYEZID

Ulug‘bek Abdullayev — 2024-12-05

The article examines the political situation in the Middle East at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th centuries. The place and role of Amir Temur in the history of the region is analyzed. As a result of the military campaigns of Amir Temur, carried out in 1399-1404, such large cities of Syria as Aleppo (Aleppo), Khums, Baalbek (Baalbak), Dimishk (Damascus) and the Iraqi territories of Ubuliston (old Cappadocia), Baghdad were conquered, as and most of Turkey.

Amir Temur's long-term campaigns in the regions of the Near and Middle East had important military and political significance in the history of the region. First of all, the carefully developed military-strategic plan was fully implemented and the small scattered feudal lords of these regions were united into a strong centralized state.

This shows that Amir Temur was very careful about his political actions. Do not falsify the history of Amir Temur in pursuit of certain political interests. Further new research should provide a true assessment of the history of this region. New historical research requires a fundamental rethinking of the political, socio-economic views of Amir Temur. It is impossible to fully understand the true goals of the future without correct coverage of history, without a true assessment of the merits of historical figures. In this sense, it is extremely important to study the life and work of Amir Temur, who liberated our country from the Mongol oppression that had dominated for several centuries, built an independent country and turned it into one of the strongest and leading countries in the world.

THE MANIFESTATION OF ISLAM IN INDONESIA'S LITERATURE AND CULTURE

Nasibaxon Abdug‘aniyeva — 2024-12-04

This article discusses the influence of Islam on the literature and culture of Indonesia. Islam has become an important element of the Indonesian people's identity and has had a significant influence on shaping their culture and arts. Indonesian literature often reflects the themes and values of Islam, embodying them in various literary works.

The culture of Indonesia, permeated by Islamic values, is characterized by its uniqueness and diversity. Islamic art, architecture, music, and dance play an important role in the lives of Indonesians, reflecting their faith and cultural identity. Islam in the literature and culture of this country is an integral part of its history and present. Its influence can be seen in various spheres of public life and has a substantial impact on the development of literature, arts, and culture in Indonesia as a whole. The rich and diverse culture of Indonesia is also imbued with Islam. Islam is reflected in music, dance, architecture, and visual arts. Traditional musical forms, such as gamelan, may incorporate Islamic elements. Thus, Islam occupies a central place in shaping the cultural and literary identity of Indonesia. Its influence is deeply integrated into social norms and artistic expression, creating a unique synergy between religion and culture, which greatly enriches the national heritage.

In Indonesian literature, Islam is reflected in numerous works, from classical to contemporary literature. Literary works with Islamic themes often explore issues of faith, morality, social justice, and spiritual quest. Classical literature, including the famous "Hikayat Hang Tuah," is often intertwined with Islamic thought and wisdom. In modern literature, Islam continues to be a powerful source of inspiration.

THE "C5+1" PLATFORM AS AN IMPORTANT INSTRUMENT OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY IN CENTRAL ASIA

Aqilbek Tilavoldiyev — 2024-12-05

This article is dedicated to analyzing the role and significance of the "C5+1" platform as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy strategy in Central Asia. The evolution of this format since its inception in 2015 is examined, along with key initiatives and projects implemented within its framework and their impact on the region's economic development, security, and environmental sustainability. Special attention is given to the multi-vector foreign policies of Central Asian countries and the strategic interests of the United States in the region. The article also analyzes the U.S. strategy for Central Asia for the period 2019-2025, aimed at supporting sovereignty, combating terrorism, aiding stabilization in Afghanistan, promoting legal reforms, and attracting American investments. The conclusion is made about the importance of the "C5+1" platform for the sustainable development and stability of Central Asia

CULTURAL CONCEPTS: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

Umid Berdiyev — 2024-12-05

Although the term ‘concept’ has been studied in modern linguistics for a long time, there is still no precise definition of it. Concepts-images in the mind behind linguistic signs represented by linguistic signs have recently become the subject of close attention of linguists. Originating in cognitive science, the concept of concept has become an essential tool for the study of language and has formed the basis of cognitive linguistics. Cultural concepts as a unity of the linguistic picture of the world have a national character and express the specificity of a particular language and cultural community. Concepts are important elements of worldview and culture and reflect the way members of society understand and portray reality. Through concepts, cultural knowledge and values are transmitted from generation to generation, showing the differences between different languages and cultures. Therefore, by studying the concepts of any language and reconstructing them, a deeper understanding of the linguistic picture of the world becomes possible. Within the anthropocentric approach, it is important to investigate the interaction between language and culture. Of particular interest for cultural linguistics is the attempt to identify the ethno-cultural component of a cultural concept. There is even a view that universal, universal concepts in different languages are expressed in a particular way (depending on linguistic, pragmatic and cultural factors) in oral form, where the emphasis is on the fact that cultural concepts are organised into ethnically defined associative and semantic networks.