SHARQ MASH'ALI

STUDYING THE LITERARY GENRE OF UTA-MONOGATARI IN MODERN JAPANESE SCIENCE

2025-03-11T11:10:50+00:00

The article deals with the history of the study of the genre of uta-monogotari (歌物語), which played an important role in the process of formation of Japanese national prose.

The interest in this issue is determined by the need to understand the complex literary processes that took place in Japan during the medieval period. Analyzing the complex and ambiguous literary processes that accompanied the development of medieval literature in Japan has important theoretical significance. The study of complex intra-literary processes will contribute to the expansion of ideas about the literary processes of the cultural heritage of East Asian peoples both at the cultural-regional level and at the historical scale. The significance of this study is explained by the fact that the literature of Japan at a certain stage of intensive development and for a relatively short historical period passed the way from semi-folklore poetic anthologies to the creation of the novel-epic.

In this connection, determining the role of the genre of uta-monogatari (歌物語) in the history of Japanese literature helps not only to more fully reconstruct an objective picture of the development of Japanese literature, but also to trace and analyze all aspects of the further development of medieval Japanese literature. The Heian era in general differed from all previous and subsequent historical periods by a peculiar form of world outlook, which served as a ground for the development of the genre of uta-monogatari.

The author of the article makes an attempt to trace the process of formation and development of the genre of uta-monogatari within the framework of the formation of national Japanese literature. Namely, the author talks about the main stages of formation and development of the genre of uta-monogatari in the context of historical and literary development of Japan IX-X centuries, touches upon the plot, compositional and stylistic features of the literary monument.

WRITING AND ITS DEVELOPMENT STAGES

2025-03-12T07:57:01+00:00

The article analyzes the emergence, stages of formation, and developmental features of the art of bookmaking in Central Asia. The author provides information on the advent of lithographic printing, its key stages, and their socio-political and cultural significance. The study explores the historical perspective on the beginnings of paper production, its types, and development processes. Additionally, the article highlights the emergence of calligraphy and bookmaking schools in Central Asia, the perfection of this art, and its influence on the advancement of printing technologies. Various printing methods, including xylography and lithography, are also examined. The article further discusses the role and significance of book printing in the cultural contexts of Central Asia and Europe.

COPULATIVE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN PASHTO

2025-03-12T06:12:27+00:00

In linguistics, especially in Afghan linguistics, the issue of copulative phraseological units is of scientific and practical importance. The boundary of this unit requires defining a clear criterion. Issues related to copulative phraseological units in Pashto appear briefly in the grammatical essays of some orientalists, but among them the analysis of this topic is recorded in a short and very general way. After several theoretical studies, the idea of copulative phraseological units has expanded in linguistics over time, but its classification in Pashto language studies has not yet been reflected. If we take into account that the research on the issue was published fifty years ago and that the issue of copulative phraseological units is considered as a component of the general issues of Pashto lexicology and that this topic was not a separate research object, it will be known how relevant and important the topic is for Afghan linguistics. The analysis of the works of Afghan linguists showed that no specific criteria of copulative phraseological units have been developed in the Pashto language. This made it necessary to study this topic separately. Determining the different signs of copulative phraseological units has an effect on the process of lexicographic research and translations. For this reason, it is considered appropriate to distinguish copulative phraseological units. In this article, based on the analysis of theoretical views on the topic and the classification of collected factual materials, models of copulative phraseological units, the order of components, pairs, terms, synonymous and single-stem paired compounds, verb phraseology with several components, their functions and the differences are discussed. It becomes clear that, according to the structure of the copulative phraseological unit in Pashto, it is equivalent to a word combination that has a lexical content, semantically it means a whole, generalized meaning, is not created in the process of speech, but is introduced into the speech ready. Copulative phraseological units are stable word combinations belonging to one grammatical line, among the components, the variant of او aw of the connecting link و u was also observed.

THE COVERAGE OF ISLAMIC PSYCHOLOGY IN THE WORK "NAVODIR AL-USUL"

2025-03-12T07:39:56+00:00

This article analyzes the exposition of Islamic psychology (ilm an-nafs) in Hakim Termizi's work Navodir al-usul fiy ma'rifati ahadis ar-rosul and its impact on human spiritual upbringing. The work deeply examines the psychological and spiritual elevation of a person through different levels of the nafs—nafs al-ammara (commanding self), nafs al-lawwama (self-reproaching self), and nafs al-mutma'inna (tranquil self). Termizi identifies purifying the heart, controlling the nafs, and drawing closer to Allah as the key factors in achieving spiritual and psychological stability. The ideas presented in this study significantly contribute to the development of Islamic psychology, highlighting the importance of inner struggle (nafsiy kurash) and heart purification as fundamental principles in shaping an individual’s inner world.

ANALYSIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC SECTIONS OF KAMOLIDDIN HUSAYN VOIZ KOSHIFI'S "LUB UL-BOB MASNAVI" AND ODINA ESHON'S "MIFTAH UL-ASROR"

2025-03-12T05:51:17+00:00

Masnaviy Ma’navi, written by Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi in the 13th–14th centuries, is one of the most renowned works of Sufi literature. This masterpiece aims to explain Sufi ideas, promote spiritual growth, explore the inner world of individuals, and elucidate the purpose of life.

Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi and Odina Eshon are scholars known for their profound commentaries and interpretations of Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi’s works. They conducted extensive research on Rumi’s writings, particularly on Masnaviy Ma’navi. Their interpretations have been instrumental in deeply analyzing and understanding the ideas embedded in the works of this great poet and thinker.

Kamoliddin Husayn Wa'iz Kashifi authored approximately forty works, all written in Persian. His works are highly diverse in form and content, encompassing various branches of Islamic knowledge in medieval Iran and Central Asia during the 15th century. Kashifi is rightly regarded as a great encyclopedic scholar and a cultural figure who introduced unique directions to Iranian culture during the Timurid era.

Kashifi’s work, Lub ul-bob Masnaviy, holds a significant place in the history of literature. This piece addresses topics related to education and upbringing. The author highlights the importance of exploring human spirituality, worldview, and the pursuit of moral and spiritual perfection.

A portion of the work is dedicated to discussions on spirituality and theories related to education and upbringing. This work serves as a commentary and interpretation of Rumi's Masnaviy Ma’navi, acting as a guide for readers of Kashifi's era. Analyzing Kashifi’s commentary offers insights into his philosophical perspective on life.

This article focuses on a comparative analysis of Kashifi and Odina Eshon’s works. It examines their interpretations of Masnaviy Ma’navi, uncovering similarities and differences in their approaches, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of Rumi’s legacy and its relevance to contemporary readers.

THE TRANSMISSION OF PHRASEOLOGISMS IN TURKISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE NOVEL “NAVOIY”

2025-03-12T07:07:22+00:00

This article is devoted to the topic of phraseological units in Turkish translations of the novel “Navoi” by the famous Uzbek writer Oybek. The article, through analysis, highlights the achievements and shortcomings of translations. The translations, made twice by Ahsan Batur and Shuayyip Karakash, highlight the reflection of nationality, the use of specific words, the degree of use of equivalent and alternative words.

The period of establishing full-fledged relations between Uzbekistan and the Republic of Turkey corresponds to the first years of our independence. Over the years, attention to literature, art, culture and, of course, translation has increased in our country. Since this period, the work of translating the best examples of Uzbek literature into Turkish and the best works of Turkish literature into the Uzbek language has reached its climax.

Oybek’s novel “Navoi” is a wonderful work in terms of language and artistic skill. Adib skillfully used the art of psychological analysis and the richness of the folk language, including phraseology and expressions, to create the image. Their translation into Turkish is done somewhere with the help of equivalents, somewhere with alternative phraseology, sometimes in a descriptive way, i.e. When it is impossible to translate either with the help of an equivalent, or an alternative version, or with the help of a pencil, artists resort to the descriptive method of translation practice, what they do is that with the help of this method, the meanings of phraseological units are explained through words or phrases that have a free meaning. When translating phraseological units using the calc method, the fact that some words and phrases do not have their equivalent or alternative version in another language prompts us to turn to the method of literal translation. In the article you can familiarize yourself with the analysis of several such phraseological units.

THE HISTORICAL NOVEL IN PASHTO LITERATURE AND ITS GENRE ISSUES

2025-03-12T05:19:25+00:00

The emergence of the historical novel genre in Pashto literature dates back to the second half of the last century. Such novelists as Ghulam Ghaus Khaybari, Muhammad Ibrohim Atoyi, Said Rasul Raso and Zubayr Shafiqi made a great contribution to the development of the historical novel genre in Pashto literature. This article briefly analyzes the works of the above-mentioned novelists “The Flame of Fire”, “The Girl from Arakhosia and Alexander the Great” and “The Storm in the Heart of Asia”. The analysis focuses on the issue of interpretation of historical reality in the novels as well as their fictionality.

METHODOLOGY BASED ON THE CULTURAL MODEL OF LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL TEXTS IN TEACHING GERMAN. (SECOND YEAR LANGUAGE UNIVERSITY)

2025-03-12T06:41:35+00:00

This paper proposes a methodological framework for teaching German to second-year university students, emphasizing the cultural model of linguistic and cultural texts. Integrating cultural components enhances understanding of German-speaking societies, fosters empathy, and facilitates communication. Authentic materials like literature, films, and news articles provide immersive experiences. Active participation and collaborative interactions deepen cultural understanding. The methodology cultivates students' ability to identify cultural models in language, enabling comprehension of cultural values and norms. Textual analysis explores themes such as identity and tradition, fostering a multifaceted understanding of German culture. Integration of communicative activities and experiential learning opportunities enables application of knowledge in authentic situations. Overall, this holistic approach equips students with linguistic proficiency, intercultural competence, and critical thinking skills for meaningful engagement with the German-speaking world.

DEVELOPMENT OF MASTER'S EDUCATION IN AZERBAIJAN IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION INTO THE EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION AREA

2025-03-11T11:26:31+00:00

The article analyzes the development of master's education in Azerbaijan with the aim of integrating higher education into the European space. After gaining independence, the expansion of Azerbaijan's ties with Europe necessitated the introduction of new projects in the field of education. By signing the Bologna Declaration and joining the process, new laws were adopted, resolutions and orders were signed for this process at all levels of education. These innovations have led to the emergence of new approaches and changes in the organization of master's education.

COOPERATION OF CENTRAL ASIAN STATES WITH THE USA AND CHINA IN THE FIELD OF SECURITY

2025-03-12T08:05:03+00:00

Situated at a strategic juncture of great powers, Central Asia’s security landscape is quite peculiar. Analyzing recent dynamics, this article discusses security cooperation between the Central Asian states and two major external stakeholders: the United States of America and China. While both major powers undertake various forms of security cooperation, their geostrategic interests and strategic priorities engender a different balancing act for the Central Asian states. The USA, in turn, has historically pursued a multifaceted vision toward the region, hoping to counter terrorism and bring stability to the region. But the latter was put in the question as a result of the Afghan withdrawal and the rise of Chinese influence. China uses the leverages present in economic features and increases military potentials to secure strategic interests in the region. For instance, its Belt and Road Initiative symbolize hopes for expanded infrastructural development and economic connectivity, with its security cooperation consisting of combined military exercises, counter-terrorism cooperation, and bulk arms supplies. For that reason, Central Asia entails the management of relations between the USA and China. Whereas it aims to win economically with Chinese investments, in security terms, it remains the leading one with the USA to mitigate regional challenges. It is a very delicate balancing act that both have to take into account. This paper fills in the existing gap on the drivers of security cooperation between Central Asian states on one hand, and the USA on the one side and China on the other hand: geopolitical factors, economic incentives, and security concerns. It further elaborates on how such changing dynamics might pose potential challenges and opportunities which would entail balanced engagement and regional dialogue in the region to make sure long-term stability

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF ABU HILOL AL-ASKARI'S WORK الفروق اللغوية "AL-FURŪQ AL-LUGHAVIYYAH"

2025-03-12T06:25:20+00:00

A dictionary is a list of words arranged in a specific order, providing explanations of their literal and figurative meanings, as well as their usage in various contexts from a lexical and semantic perspective. For language learners, the use of a dictionary is an essential lexicographical tool, as expanding one’s lexical repertoire is closely tied to their cultural and social environment. Abu Hilal al-‘Askari's "al-Furūq al-Lughawiyyah" serves as a significant scholarly resource in analyzing the subtle semantic differences between synonymous units. This dictionary aids in identifying ambiguous and polysemous words in the Arabic language, analyzing their synonymous variants, and selecting appropriate lexical combinations.

This scholarly article is dedicated to analyzing the methodological foundations employed in Abu Hilal al-‘Askari's work "al-Furūq al-Lughawiyyah." It examines the structure of the dictionary, the system of semantic explanations, and the methods of classification of meanings from a lexicological perspective. The dictionary serves as an important lexicographical tool in translation processes, academic research, the study of ancient Arabic texts, and the development of terminology. The article provides a detailed account of the history of the dictionary’s creation, its content, lexical style, and main objectives. Additionally, the advantages, potential uses, and some shortcomings of the dictionary are also discussed from a linguistic point of view.

QURANIC IMAGES AND MOTIFS IN THE MAQAMAT OF THE GREAT THINKER FROM KHWARAZM, MAHMUD AZ-ZAMAKHSHARI

2025-03-11T10:30:07+00:00

the article examines Quranic motifs and images in the maqams by Abul-Qasim Mahmud al-Zamakhshari, the famous medieval philologist, writer and philosopher from Khwarezm. A brilliant expert and commentator of the Quran, in his work Al-Kashshaf he annotates the holy book of Muslims not only from the point of view of its religious precepts, but also as a philologist. He was one of the first to pay deep attention to the study of stylistic merits, lexical richness, rhetoric, and the beauty of the Quran sayings. The influence of the Quran also affects the literary heritage of al-Zamakhshari, which included many Quranic reminiscences and images that carry various semantic loads in the works of the writer.

ABOUT AHMAD YASSAVI'S PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF TURKIC PEOPLES

2025-03-12T07:50:11+00:00

It is known that Khoja Ahmad Yassawi was the first among the Turkic peoples to found an independent order, a mystic creator who laid the foundation for the tradition of wisdom in Sufi literature. During the life of Piri Turkestan and later, following his wisdom, writing Sufi quatrains in this order became a sacred custom. These poems are taken from collections called “Devoni Hikmat” or “Hikmat”, which were copied at different periods. The views of Ahmad Yassawi reached almost all representatives of the Turkic countries and found their place in their spiritual and literary life.

The teachings of Ahmad Yassawi contributed to the establishment of Sufi views in Turkestan in his time and in later times, corresponding to the Sunna faith. Under the influence of his ideas, Sufi Turkic literature opened its doors. As a result, literature on Yassavism arose, especially in Movarunnahr, which contains many interesting stories, narratives and information about Ahmad Yassawi, his caliph and his followers, about the relations of the rulers and the people with the great leader. Examples of the works of Yassawi's followers in copies of "Devoni hikmat" also contributed to the transfer of Yassawi's ideas to the following centuries. Beginning with Alisher Navoi, traces of Yassawi's influence can be seen in the works of many representatives of poetry, such as Mashrab, Sufi Olloyor, Majzub and Huvaydo. After all, Akhmed Yassawi managed to express his views using the inner possibilities of folk poetry, and also to ensure that words, thoughts and feelings easily penetrated the heart of the reader. Not only in the literature of the representatives of Central Asia, but also in the literature of the Turkic peoples, one can find many followers, such as Yunus Emro, Shayyod Hamza, Makhtumquli, Mavlo Quli, Qul Ali, Haji Bektash Vali, who continued the teachings of Ahmad Yassawi. Thus, in the processes of historical formation and development of Turkic literature, the work of Yassawi and his school played an important role in place of religious and mystical ideas. The article provides brief scientific observations about Ahmad Yassawi, which were carried out by scientists of the Turkic peoples. The article provides brief scientific observations about Ahmad Yassawi, which were carried out by scientists of the Turkic peoples.

"STATUS" AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS IN ALISHER NAVOI’S WORK “NASAIMUL MUHABBAT”

2025-03-12T05:58:47+00:00

This article talks about the class of saints and its characteristics in Alisher Navoi’s work “Nasayimul Muhabbat”. The status of people belonging to the six classes and their merits are also revealed. Especially when assessing the concept of “status,” it is shown that the caste in Sufism differs from the castes of other directions, and this status of a person differs only in morality and perfection. It is known that among the works in the “Status” direction there are actually many works covering the research activities and life of scientists in a certain field. However, in the work of Alisher Navoi “Nasaimul Muhabbat”, all the holy careers and status of people belonging to the caste are studied with the help of special science. In this sense, this article is also an under-mentioned and under-researched area in the literature.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF HISTORIAN GIYOSIDDIN KHONDAMIR TO BABUR STUDIES

2025-03-12T07:16:09+00:00

This article provides brief information about the great historian of the Timurid era Ghiyasiddin Khondamir (1476-1534) bin Khwaja Humamuddin bin Khwaja Jalaluddin Muhammad bin Khwaja Burhaniddin Muhammad Shirozi, as well as information about his works such as: "Maosir ul-muluk" ("Great deeds of the kings"), "Habib us-siyar fi akhbari afrod" ul-Bashar" ("Friend informing about the life of the inhabitants of Bashar"), "Dastur ul-Wuzaro" ("Guide of ministers"), "Khulosat ul-akhbar fi bayan al-ahwal al-akhyor" ("Brief information about the life of good people"), "Makorim ul-akhlaq" ("Noble characters"), "Kanuni Humayuny" ("Laws Humayun").

The life and work of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (1483-1530) ibn Umarsheikh Mirza ibn Sultan Abusaid Mirza took place in Fergana, Movarunnahr, Kabul and Northern India in the late 15th - early 16th centuries. On his father's side, he is a Temurid, ibn Umarsheikh Mirza, ibn Sultan Abusaid Mirza, ibn Mirza Sultan Muhammad ibn Mironshah Mirza, ibn Amir Temur. His mother, Kutlug Nigor Khanum, is the daughter of Yunus Khan from the Genghis Khan clan along the Chigatai line. The birth, life and work of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, his grandfather Sultan Abusaid Mirza, his children Sultan Ahmad Mirza, Sultan Mahmud Mirza, Umarsheikh Mirza, Mirza Ulugh Beg, Mirza Sultan are described in the greatest work of Giyasiddin Khondamir "Habib us-sayar fi akhbori afrod ul-bashar". There is valuable information about Muhammad, Mirza Shahrukh, Mirza Abu Bakr Mirza, Mirza Sultan Murad, Mirza Sultan Khalili, Mirza Sultan Vlad and Mirza Sultan Omar. This article attempts to determine the contribution of the historian to Babur studies based on a comparative study with the information in the Baburnome of Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur and the History of the Rashidis by Mirza Muhammad Haidar (1499-1551).

THE HERITAGE OF UEDA AKINARI IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOMIHON GENRE

2025-03-12T05:28:18+00:00

The article deals with the work of Ueda Akinari, a bright representative of Japanese townsman’s literature of the 18th century, and his role in the development of the yomihon genre. The article focuses on the biographical information related to the writer's life. The article begins with a characterisation of gesaku prose literature and reveals the unique artistic features of one of its genres, the yomihon genre. Then, in the context of the development of Japanese townsman’s literature and the yomihon genre, the question of the significance of the writer's literary works will be highlighted. The paper also examines a collection of short stories entitled “Tales of the Moon and Rain”, which occupies an important place in Akinari’s creative legacy, and analyses each of his stories in terms of the distinctiveness of the yomihon genre. Through this collection, the question of how Akinari, working as representative of kokugaku movement, utilised classical Japanese and Chinese sources in his work is also highlighted.

GODDESSES - SARASVATI, LAKSHMI, AND DURGA: SYNONYMIC ANALYSIS OF RELATED TERMS

2025-03-12T06:49:47+00:00

It is known that the pantheon of Hinduism is rich in gods and goddesses. At the top of the Hindu pantheon is Brahma, the creator of the universe and all living beings. And then Vishnu and Shiva. In Hinduism, along with male deities, there are female goddesses. Some of them are known as the consorts of the gods, while others are mentioned as separate independent goddesses. Hindus worship not only gods but also goddesses. The most famous goddesses in Hinduism are Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Savitri, Uma and Kali. On the one hand, these goddesses are worshiped as the wives of the gods, and on the other hand, they are also considered objects of special faith. The purpose of this article is to study the synonymous analysis of terms associated with the goddesses Saraswati, Lakshmi and Durga, who plays an important role in Indian mythology and Hinduism.

THE IMAGE OF THE SAND SHIP OF THE DESERT – THE CAMEL IN THE STORIES OF SULEIMAN AL-SHATI

2025-03-11T11:46:03+00:00

This article notes that the Persian Gulf (Khaleej Arab countries) has its political, economic importance at the international political level since ancient times, and its geographical location is also of strategic importance. It is also a trade route linking East and West, a branch of the Great Silk Road that stretches along the Persian Gulf and serves as a trade route on the shores of Arab countries. On the one hand, it is devoted to the ships passing through the Gulf, and on the other hand, a camel caravan loaded with goods on a deserted road adjacent to the shore.

The article also shows that Suleiman Shotiy, a brilliant representative of Kuwaiti literature from the Arabian Gulf countries, associated images in his works, primarily, with wildlife, a camel, a bay and the coastal world, which found their artistic expression in the stories «Camel».

INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL IDENTITY OF SAUDI ARABIA

2025-03-12T10:34:19+00:00

This article analyzes Saudi Arabia's foreign policy identity based on historical memory, state symbols, and values. It demonstrates that Saudi Arabia's foreign policy identity depends on a combination of several factors, including internal political issues, cultural specificity, responses to security threats, and symbolic actions. The conflicts in the Middle East and the role of religious and ethnic factors in this process are examined. Furthermore, the article elucidates the role of foreign policy as an indicator of each state's position and prestige in the global community and the region.

CONCEPT: ITS DEFINITION, HISTORY, AND DIACHRONIC APPROACH

2025-03-12T06:35:35+00:00

In the modern days, the study of the "trinity" of human-language-cognition occupies a central position in philology. Special attention is given to the phenomenon of the "concept," which has become one of the focal objects of such research. This article is dedicated to the notion of "concept" and addresses the following issues:

First, an expanded academic interpretation of the phenomenon of "concept" is provided based on various academic dictionaries.

Second, relying on different sources, an analysis of the history of the concept is conducted, examining when and how the notion of "concept" emerged as an object of academic research, who studied this phenomenon, and what questions were raised in the process.

Third, the paper explores how the concept was developed within the framework of certain problems in 20th-century linguistics.

Interest in this phenomenon as a structural and content-based unit of human cognition has significantly increased in Uzbek philology as well. However, there are gaps in the understanding of what a concept is in essence, how the notion of concept evolved, and how it became one of the central issues in cognitive sciences, such as philosophy and cognitive linguistics, which focus on the study of human cognition. This extended analysis of the phenomenon aims to fill these gaps, which are evident in monographs, dissertations, and articles written in the Uzbek language. A clear example of such gaps is the use of the word "tushuncha" (idea) as an equivalent of the term "concept". This mistaken identification can be seen as a result of a lack of information regarding the role of concepts in human cognition and language. This article is an attempt to bridge the existing gaps in the study of the concept as a research object by providing a comprehensive interpretation of this phenomenon and explaining the areas of science and the research questions within which it has been formed. Such an analysis may offer insights into the future prospects of research on this topic.