Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies

Two translations of one story

KHАYRULLA HAMIDOV — 2022-10-03

Thanks to literary translation since the 90s of the last century, Uzbek national literature has been enriched with masterpieces of world literature, and samples of Uzbek literature have been translated into other languages and managed to find their readers in many countries of the world. In particular, over the past thirty еars, interest in Uzbek literature has increased in Turkey. In a short time, dozens of masterpieces of Uzbek literature were translated into foreign languages, including the fraternal Turkish language, and presented to lovers of our literature. The bonds of friendship and brotherhood between the Uzbek and Turkish peoples, whose language, history and culture are very close to each other, have been further strengthened thanks to literary translation. The treasury of Turkish literature is replenished with the most famous works of famous Uzbek writers. In particular, among the works of the famous Uzbek writer A. Kadyri "Bygone Days", "Scorpion from the Altar", Abek "Navoi", stories by Abdulla Kahkhar were translated into Turkish and published. This in itself provided great material for the science of translation studies. The issues of critical review of literary translations, evaluation of their artistic level and quality, and the study of translation skills were put on the agenda. This article discusses the problems in Turkish translations of a story by Abdullah Kahhar, seeks a partial solution to the problems that have arisen in practice. In particular, the advantages of translating between two related languages have their own difficulties, the problems associated with "false equivalents" remain in translation, despite the fact that the Uzbek and Turkish languages belong to the same language family, it is emphasized that this requires the translator to be especially careful when translation of works of art.

Socio-economic and cultural life during the Seljuk era

ZIKRILLOKHAN KADIROV — 2022-10-12

This article is devoted to the topic of socio-economic and cultural life during the Seljuk period, in which the existing social strata in the Seljuk state, that is, nomads, villagers, city dwellers, and their way of life, their role in society, land ownership system, economic life, tax and customs payments, trade, educational processes, and literary environment are discussed. In particular, nomadic Turkic tribes and their relations with the state, the nature and amount of taxes paid by them, the areas they lived in, their lifestyle, their products, and the way of life of villagers and peasants, who made up the largest part of the Seljuk society, their legal and economic status, their differences according to their geographical location, land ownership system (iqto, khiroji, ushri and miri), tax system, irrigation system, The development of urban culture during the Seljuk period, large cities and their lifestyle, the components of cities (inner fortress (kohandiz), main city (shahristan) and outer districts (rabat)), crafts and textile industry, national customs, religious holidays, Issues such as the development of international and domestic trade, improvement works and achievements in the fields of architecture, health, education and culture, and the literary environment are analyzed based on information from various sources.

The help of letters published in the work "Xuan-Tszan Kechmishi" is a classic of the Turkish epistolary genre quality samples

KASIMJON SADIKOV — 2022-10-02

The biography of Suan-Tsang is an important and valuable work of ancient Chinese and Turkish literary and cultural relations. In the early Middle Ages, the spread of Buddhism in Central Asia developed cultural, literary, and linguistic relations between the Turkic peoples and the peoples of the East. The work was translated from Chinese into ancient Turkic during those times. His translator, Singqu Seli Tudun, was a prominent writer of his time, a great Buddhist scholar and scholar of the Chinese language. In the process of translation, he took full advantage of the Turkic language and introduced the wonderful work to Turkic literature.

Philosophical and religious justification of happiness in the teachings of Arab-Muslim thinkers

SANAM AHMEDOVA — 2022-10-19

This article discusses and analyzes the features in the justification of happiness and ways to achieve it by famous scientists and philosophers of the Arab-Muslim medieval East. A review of the thematic literature shows the ever-increasing interest of researchers in the problem of happiness, and the growth of publications on this topic in scientific journals, which is naturally accompanied by increased attention to many aspects. This is probably because recent studies of ongoing world transformational processes have begun to dominate philosophy. And serious attention is paid to the "transitional period", which is a new social reality that needs to be mastered to find special life supports that allow society to fully live. Namely, life, as you know, needs meaning, and clear goals that could fill our future with worthy content. And so the fundamental problems of human existence, including those related to the comprehension of happiness, regain their relevance. Consequently, the problem of human happiness has always occupied one of the most prominent places in philosophical thought since its inception. At the same time, true happiness as the desired goal, the highest good, the possible and achievable state of human existence, is one of the main themes of the philosophical and religious discourse of Eastern and Western thinkers. In particular, the classics of philosophical and religious thought from Central Asia to Western Europe, among which the names of al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Baja, Ibn Rushd, and al-Suhrawardi stand out, through their works tried to share with people special spiritual feelings about finding happiness. In their teachings, a culture of being associated with good deeds, noble thoughts, spirituality, and mercy can be traced. The article concludes that the Arab-Muslim philosophers' humanistic thoughts can be projected into the world and therefore have practical significance for an ideal society.

Regarding the trade convoy sent from the General-Governorship of Turkestan to Kashgar (as an example of Archive documents)

Rakhima Alimova — 2022-10-11

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of information about the embassies and trade relations of the Turkestan Governor General with Kashgar, Yarkand and Khotan which are stored in the historical fund of the National Archives of Uzbekistan, the report of the trusted trading house of the Bykovskys, Vasily Nikitin, on his movement with a caravan through the Kokand Khanate and the Terek-Davan pass to Kashgar and about a trip from there through Yarkand to Khotan, analyzes the statistical indicators of trade relations in Kashgar, information about various goods, as well as about prices and varieties of goods of foreign and Russian factories.

Problems and prospects of the project of china-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan railway

ZANG HONGYUAN — 2022-10-16

. It is necessary to consider the possible mutual benefits not only for the three states that are directly involved in the project but also for the benefits of enhanced regional integration. This article will provide a number of recommendations for problems and prospects of the project of China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway.

The need for such transport links should be seen in the light of both Uzbekistan’s and Kyrgyzstan’s economic under-development and having enhanced transport links to the wider world could go a long way towards revitalizing these struggling economies. For both landlocked states, (in Uzbekistan’s case ‘Double Landlocked’) connecting to the outside world has been a big issue since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Central Asia inherited a railway network that in many cases left the newly independent states with transport infrastructure gravitating more towards Moscow than with the rest of the region (or even with other parts of their own countries). Additionally, in the case of Kyrgyzstan more than Uzbekistan.

The issue of plot and ideological content harmony in Spujmay Zaryob's stories

AFZUNA NAZAROVA — 2022-10-07

The article is devoted to the study of the stories of the famous Afghan writer Spujmay Zaryob, the disclosure of the plot construction technique and the study of the ideological content of his stories "Our Calligraphy Teacher" and "Song of Independence". When covering the topic, analysis-synthesis, comparative-comparative, historical methods were used. You can learn about the reflection of prose in Afghan literature of the twentieth century from the analysis of the work of Spujmay Zaryab, in particular, two of his articles. The author examines the author’s style of storytelling, the ways in which the events that make up the plot relate to each other in revealing the idea of the story, and the stages of the development of the plot chain. While the author used psychological conflict to reveal the human psyche in stories, he used interpersonal conflicts to show the relationship between society and the individual. In this way, Afghan society revealed the attitudes and lifestyles of ordinary Afghan families. In addition to collisions, in the author’s stories, portraits and figurative expressions are skillfully used, which allowed deeper to reveal the idea of the story. These tales of Spuzhmaya Zaryob are also based on flashbacks and include dreams and fantasy imagery. The article provides a comparative analysis of these two stories, which are not as long as at the time of writing, and highlights the similarities and differences in the ideological content of the stories, as well as in the structure of the plot. Ideologically, one of the stories glorifies humanity, while the other promotes love for the Motherland and its glorification. The analysis reveals the relevance of this ideological content for the plot of the story. From these stories, we can also see that the author made a worthy contribution to Dari literature of the new era, using the modernist style of expression in Dari literature.

The history of the rise of the postal communication system to a new level in Uzbekistan during the years of independence

IZZAT YUSUPOV — 2022-10-15

The postal service is considered one of the important elements of the national economic, social and political infrastructure of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as in all countries, as an integral part of the national economy, in addition to the development of a unified information system and its support, as well as serving the development of important segments of the national economy, are recognized as appropriate. During the years of independence, fundamental changes have taken place in the postal system of Uzbekistan. Over the past period, several resolutions and Decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan have been adopted to develop the industry. The material and technical base of the regional and district communication departments of the open joint-stock company "Uzbekistan pochtasi" has been strengthened. It covered the development of production and the introduction of quality innovations in the types of services.

The provision of such a convenient and high-quality service to the residents of our country is carried out not only by communication departments in regional centers but also through regional and district communication departments. All this is logically consistent with the ongoing socio-economic reforms in the country and is successfully integrated into the processes of the global sphere of information services. Along with this, practically in all post offices of the republic, new types of services were organized and an increase in the number of new jobs was achieved. A system has been established to provide quality services to the population of our country. Postal exchange is carried out not only within our republic but also with neighboring and foreign countries.

Neither the Internet nor email can replace the postal service. On the contrary, they created new opportunities for postal services. We live in an era when different means of communication complement each other. The post office provides the necessary services not only to Internet buyers and sellers but also to those who do not know how to use new technologies and do not have the necessary importance in their lives to communicate with the outside world. This article also provides that the postal service plays an important role in developing and strengthening our country's economy, improving citizens' lives, and increasing domestic comfort.

Interpretation, analysis in creative artistic research and image specificity

SHIRIN SODIKOVA — 2022-10-05

This article deals with Uzbek modern poetry, in particular, the work of Guzal Begim, one of the leading representatives of this trend. The diversity, interpretation, analysis and imagery of the poet's work are demonstrated through the analysis of the poems. Unique metaphors, analogies and comparisons, layers of meaning, that is, polysemy, verses that allow us to draw dozens of conclusions through a single line, are illustrated by examples from poems. The new essence of Uzbek poetry, full of ancient and rich, vital and philosophical observations, saturated with artistic coloring, was discussed in detail about the non-standard forms of modern poetry. At the same time, the opinions expressed by leading scholars and experts in the field of modernism in Uzbek literature are quoted. The ideas obtained in the form of quotations serve to confirm and reinforce the conclusions drawn from the poems and the passages drawn from them. At the end of the article, appropriate conclusions are drawn from the analysis.

Formation of modern Korean culture

GULJAKHAN KOBILOVA — 2022-10-13

This article is devoted to the history of the formation and development of modern Korean culture. The article, first of all, reveals the concept of the terms "culture", "mass culture" and "modern culture", and provides conclusions about the fact that culture is an indicator, the so-called measure of consciousness and values of a person and society as a whole. Mass culture, in turn, has become the leading cultural form and, under the influence of globalization processes, it has become a global phenomenon. Through cultural integration, the exchange of customs, traditions, art, and technologies with each other and their modification in accordance with modern views and values, modern culture is formed, which opens up new areas of research for scientists.

The paper also discusses the relevance of this topic, the features of the formation of traditional Korean culture, and the factors that influenced its transformation and transformation into one of the areas of modern mass culture. Before considering the modern phenomenon, the study provides a brief history of the gradual development of culture from ancient times to the present day. The paper also cites a number of scholarly historians, culturologists-Korean studies, both Uzbek and foreign, and their scientific works in the field of Korean studies, and based on their analysis, this study was carried out. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the modern phenomenon of the cultural wave of South Korea - Hallyu, its economic content, state policy aimed at supporting and developing Korean culture, and territorial popularization, as a phenomenon that is a unique interweaving of opposite principles: traditional Eastern (Confucian) and Western cultural values, finding its connoisseurs all over the world, including in Uzbekistan, as a universal culture. The peculiarity and novelty of this phenomenon are also that, unlike neighboring Eastern cultures such as Chinese, Japanese or Indian, representing a person, first of all, a picture of the traditional classical era pops up before his eyes, in the case of Korea, more popular representation of the current modern post-industrial era. The people of South Korea managed to find a balance of traditions and innovations that best meets the requirements of the modern development of the country.

Some comments on verbs of action in Arabic

SHORUSTAM SHOMUSAROV — 2022-10-02

This article briefly describes the set of verbs in Arabic and Uzbek, its study by linguists, comparative lexical-semantic analysis of action verbs in both languages. in the study of the lexical-semantic relations of action verbs in the Arabic language, special attention should be paid to aspects related to the meaning of verbs, such as synonyms and antonyms between them. Among the verbs of action in Arabic, there are many verbs that have polysemantic meanings, and sometimes they are used in their original meaning, and sometimes in other meanings as well. The meaning of these verbs also depends on the event or situation to which they are related. While the original, original meaning of the verb is mainly related to the normal state of the subject, other meanings serve to express his emotional state. In the study of lexical-semantic relations related to action verbs in Arabic, special attention should be paid to which prepositions these verbs come with, because a particular action verb depends on whether the object to which the action is directed is animate or inanimate. may require a different preposition. In synonymous relations, the verbs of action differ according to the extent to which the action lasted, for what purpose it was performed, or by what means it was performed.

There are similarities and differences in the expression of the verb "to come" in Uzbek in Arabic. In Uzbek, the main semantic of this action verb is quite simple, but the content is almost identical to the Arabic lexeme "to come". In Uzbek, this verb requires that the object to which it is directed come mainly in the infinitive, place-time, exit, and direction verbs, while in Arabic they are represented by a preposition giving the meaning of an infinitive or a definite conjunction. In expressing some of the meanings of the verb "to come" in the Uzbek language, it is necessary to use their Arabic alternative, and in some cases, the meanings of this verb in the Uzbek language. in Arabic it is also expressed by the verb "to come", but in this case it is necessary to choose a verb that expresses the expected meaning from the synonymous verbs that mean "to come" in Arabic.

Issues of Formation of the Conceptual Apparatus of Religious Studies Expertise

GULCHEKHRA TULEMETOVA — 2022-10-20

Religious expertise is one of the youngest and most problematic areas of religious studies in the CIS, it needs to develop a number of theoretical issues and practical objects. In the international context of the problem, the RE procedure is often perceived as an archaic institution and a legacy of an atheistic policy that infringes on the rights of believers. But the facts show that the abolition of RE and the registration of religious organizations in the early 1990s led to the uncontrolled importation of extremist literature into Central Asia and the emergence of illegal religious groups. As a result, a number of terrorist attacks took place in Uzbekistan. Therefore, the study of this topic is relevant, it includes a range of theoretical issues, ranging from methodological issues of the study of materials of religious content to practical tasks of preventing extremist ideology.

The study revealed a common understanding in Central Asia of both the positive potential of religion, primarily the titular religion, Islam, and the threats associated with the possibility of its radicalization. The issues of formulating the terms – “materials of religious content”, “religious expertise”, “conclusion of the RE” and the methods of conducting the RE of the republic are approached based on their religious policy and culture. Common are the conditions in which the propaganda of revived religious values takes place – the post-pandemic crisis period, and socio-political instability, which makes people susceptible to radical ideas.

A comparative analysis of the religious discourse on RE in legal documents, legislative acts, and religious media content of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Russia made it possible to identify approaches to defining its basic concepts, problematic issues and ways to solve them. The study used general scientific methods, taking into account the principle of historicism, a structural and systematic approach, and logical procedures. The method of induction was used to prove the extension of the conclusions of the materials of religious content examination of Islam to other religions. Analysis of the topics of scientific discussions led to the conclusion about the need for interdisciplinary research, and standardization of terminology.

Social life of medieval Egyptian women

ZUHRA ARIPOVA — 2022-10-13

This article contains information on the role of women in public life during the reign of the Mamluks in Egypt (1250-1517), their influence on the Mamluk sultans, and Queen of Egypt Shajaratu-d-dur, which contributed to the creation of the Mamluk state. The article is based on the works of many medieval Arab historians. It is known that in Islamic countries there is an opinion that a woman cannot rule the state. After the death of Sultan Turanshah in 1250, prominent people of Egypt saw the need for the ascension of Shajaratu-d-dur to the throne. She ruled Egypt for 80 days. When she realized that the courtiers were beginning to rebel against her rule, she married commander-in-chief Oybek. And when Muad ad-Din Oybek al-Turkmani ascended the throne, the period of direct rule of the Mamluks began. In the palaces of the Mamluk sultans, women were glorified and called “hotun”. Women at that time were followers of Sufi sects along with men. Hund Shakarboy, the wife of the Sultan of Hushkadam, was known as the patron of the Badavia sect. Writers of that period described women in their works. Women spent their time mainly in their homes and went outside mainly for shopping at the market and for weddings.

Secular statehood and its specific aspects

Sayyora SAIDOVA — 2022-10-17

the secularism of the state as the second main principle of the relationship between politics and religion has long been conceptually formed and, perhaps, has not yet been completed. For the first time, France officially declared its secularism at the end of the 18th century. After the Great Revolution, the French government abandoned the previous system of relations between politics and religion, declaring the secular (secular) character of the new state. However, if for the XVIII century, such a phenomenon was an exception and revolutionary innovation, then in modern conditions, secularism has become a civilizational norm of the position of the state in relation to religion. Today, the political and legal principle of a secular state is proclaimed in the constitutions of Russia, France, Angola, Azerbaijan, Cameroon, Congo, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mali, and others. Although there is no direct statement in this regard in the constitutions of certain states, there is talk of a non-religious nature and a characteristic state system. However, the list of countries traditionally considered secular is much wider. This usually includes most European countries, the USA, Canada, etc. However, if the declaration of secularism today has become a generally accepted norm in modern countries, then it is by no means clear to understand the political content of the principle of secularism.

Turkish-Uzbek Enlightenment literature theoretical foundations

HULKAROY BOLTABOEVA — 2022-10-11

In this article the renewal movements in Turkey and Uzbekistan in the beginning of the ХХ th century, the works of its main representatives, Mehmed Akif Ersoy and Abdurauf Fitrat are comparatively studied. The theoretical foundations of Turkish-Uzbek enlightenment literature are determined based on the principles of comparative literary studies. There is given an overview of the Western factors that influenced this literature.

According to the spending of funds collected from taxes in the Khanate of Khiva

AZIZA ABDUKHALILOVA — 2022-10-16

This article analyzes tax notebooks that occupy a significant place among the documents of the “archive of Khiva Khans” stored in the National Archive of Uzbekistan, which constitute the main source group in the study of the tax system of the Khiva Khanate of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The khanate studied the funds that came to the treasury at the expense of solgut, zakat, tithes, and tavhij's notebooks on food consumption. The money collected from taxes was transferred to other areas in addition to palace expenses. In particular, for the defense of the state, the salaries of military personnel, communication with neighboring countries, for the development of the cultural and religious sphere, in particular, it was spent on such areas as the construction of mosques and madrassas, as well as on salaries for religious scholars, tolibi sciences. It was also found that the khan's treasury, which was filled with taxes, was also spent in order to develop and improve new lands.

The Rhythmic Paradigm of Classical Chinese Poetry

OZODJON OCHILOV — 2022-10-06

There are several differences between modern and classical Chinese poetry, and one of the most obvious is related to the strict rules imposed on the rhythm of the poem. By the Tang period (from the 7th century AD), much attention was paid to rhythm, especially to the harmony of the first tone. Rhythmic poetry based on melodies was fully formed by the Tang period and a number of strict rules were developed. These rules were in force until the beginning of the 20th century. Below we will take a closer look at the characteristic features of the rhythmic paradigm of ancient poetry. These features will help us understand the essence of the revolutionary poetry reforms that began to flourish in China at the end of the 19th century.

Dr. Boymirza Hayit's book "Turkestan: Between Russia and China" is an important source

DOSTONJON TAJIEV — 2022-10-14

This article describes the “dark days” of Turkestan in the past, the Russian invasion, followed by the various policies of the former Soviet government led by the Communist Party, and Dr. Boymira Hayit’s work it is about the historical information given in “Turkestan: Between Russia and China”, an important source. The authentic history covering several centuries presented in the book is a great source of information about the difficult times of our nation. This work, created during the study of important documents and archival data, has retained its relevance even today, as it shows the life of Turkestan and East Turkestan in the 20th century under Russian and Chinese rule based on original historical data. Among them, the real situation in the country is shown in the context of the changes that have occurred in Central Asia, the colonial policy of Czarist Russia. Dr. Boymirza Hayit's book "Turkestan: Between Russia and China" provides researchers with dozens of information about the 20th century. It can be seen from the information in the book that in order to show the history of Turkestan in all colors, the author was able to put aside various stereotypes and tell the real truth clearly, unlike the Soviet historians of that time. In addition, the largest studies in world historiography dedicated to the history of the struggle for the independence of Turkestan in the years 1918-1934 were created in Turkish and German, while Dr. Boymirza Hayit created a blessing in these two languages and left important sources to the generations. It is the historical completeness, and the facts presented on the basis of the sources that increased the value of this book.